12/21/2023 0 Comments Fletcher method mapMost widely known were those of Adriano Balbi (1782–1848) and André-Michel Guerry (1802–1866), whose 1829 map pairing the popularity of instruction with the incidence of crimes was but the start of their continuing investigations. Maps of moral statistics started appearing at about the same time these typically focused on various aspects of crime. Exemplary among these were population maps, designed and prepared by Henry Drury Harness (1804–1883), a young lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, that appeared in an 1837 Atlas as accompaniment to a report prepared by railway commissioners. But a few were clever, remarkably polished, displays. Often they were roughly drawn and clearly meant to be of only secondary importance to the document in which they appeared. Snow's map is generally referred to as the beginning of modern epidemiology.Īfter Montizon's map there were a number of others between 18 that used shading to convey population. It was the direct linear antecedent of John Snow's famous map of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London, reproduced in Significance June 2011. Although no one remarked on it for the better part of a century, it remains perhaps the most important conceptual breakthrough in thematic mapping. This graphic approach was improved upon by Frère de Montizon, who in 1830 produced a map showing the population of France in which he represented the population by dots, with each dot representing 10 000 people. He used a map shaded according to the proportion of male children in school relative to the size of the population in that département. More sophisticated use of thematic maps began on November 30th, 1826, when Charles Dupin (1784–1873) gave an address on the topic of popular education and its relation to French prosperity. While it is surely true that putting numbers on a map to indicate the location where something is happening conveys more information than would merely listing them in a table, such a practice does not utilise the graphic medium at anywhere near its capability. They were hardly an advance on the Chinese maps of 2000 years before. Such maps only barely “qualify as thematic since they do not graphically portray the character of the distribution effectively” 2. An example of this practice is Wyld's 1815 map “Chart of the World Shewing the Religion, Population and Civilization of Each Country”. The preparers of the earliest such maps merely wrote the statistic of interest on the map. There were bits and pieces of graphic display of social data in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably Christiaan Huygens’ drawing of a survival graph in a letter that he sent to his brother in 1669, but, so far as is known, very few maps of such social subjects as population, religion or industrial production appeared before 1820. The gathering of what might be called social statistics is often dated from John Graunt's (1662) analysis of the London Bills of Mortality. And, in 1815, William Smith (1769–1839) prepared a map depicting the geology of England, which showed that specific fossils were found in corresponding layers of rock so severely did this conflict with the biblical interpretation in which the rocks were laid down during the Great Flood that Smith's production has been called the “map that changed the world” 1. Halley published what is believed to be the first meteorological chart in 1686. Such maps have obvious and immediate uses. Initially, the variables that were plotted on a geographic background were physical ones such as magnetic phenomena, currents and geology. A thematic map whose focus was primarily on the additional variable did not appear until the seventeenth century. But the additional variables that were plotted on such maps were generally geographic variables such as altitude, and were ancillary to the main purpose of the map. A set of seven maps of that date show rivers and roads, but also where different kinds of timber may be gathered, and the distances to reach the sites. There were partially thematic maps in China as early as the fourth century bc. Adding a third variable onto a geographic background, however, is a more recent innovation. This is not surprising, for representing space as space is a natural metaphor. A cave painting from around 25 000 bc in Pavlov in the Czech Republic is thought to show the mountain, rivers and valleys nearby.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |